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CV & COVER
LETTER GUIDE

Expert advice to help you stand out — from structure and formatting to making every sentence count.

Writing a Winning CV

Structure, content, and the details that get you interviews.

Your CV is the first filter between you and an interview. Recruiters spend 6–8 seconds on an initial scan — they're pattern-matching for signals of competence, not reading every word. Every section, every bullet, every piece of formatting either earns your place in the yes pile or loses it.

Format: The Non-Negotiables

Keep it to one page for undergraduates, two pages maximum for postgraduate or experienced candidates. Use a clean font — Arial, Calibri, or Times New Roman at 10–12pt. Crucially, your CV must be ATS-friendly: no tables, no text boxes, no images, no columns, no fancy graphics. Applicant Tracking Systems parse CVs as raw text. Anything that breaks that parsing — even a subtle two-column layout — may mean your CV is never seen by a human.

Save as PDF unless the job posting specifically asks for Word. Name the file clearly: FirstName_LastName_CV.pdf. Use 1–1.5cm margins and consistent heading sizes throughout.

Recommended Section Order

  • Contact Information: Name (largest font on the page), phone, professional email (not a silly one), LinkedIn URL (customise it: linkedin.com/in/yourname), GitHub if relevant
  • Education: University, degree title, expected graduation, GPA/grade if strong (above 65% or first class), 3–5 most relevant modules
  • Technical Projects: This is your most powerful section — put it before work experience if your projects are stronger. Include personal, society, and academic projects
  • Work Experience: Any engineering-adjacent roles first. Retail or hospitality shows work ethic but give it minimal space
  • Technical Skills: Programming languages, CAD software, simulation tools, lab equipment — be specific (Python, MATLAB, SolidWorks, ANSYS, LabVIEW)
  • Activities & Leadership: Engineering societies, sports, volunteering — shows character and teamwork

Writing Bullet Points That Actually Land

Every bullet should follow this structure: Action verb → what you did → how you did it → measurable result. This is sometimes called the "XYZ formula" — Accomplished X by doing Y, resulting in Z.

Compare these two bullets for the same project:

❌ "Worked on a robot for a competition"

✓ "Designed and built an autonomous navigation robot using Arduino and ultrasonic sensors, implementing PID control to achieve a line-following accuracy of ±2mm — placed 2nd in the national IET competition"

The second bullet tells a story. It shows technical depth, names specific tools, quantifies the outcome, and gives external validation. That's what gets you shortlisted.

Technical Projects: Your Biggest Differentiator

Most undergraduates have similar grades and similar part-time jobs. What sets you apart is what you've built. For each project, answer these four questions in two to three lines: What problem were you solving? What tools/methods did you use? What specifically did you design or build? What was the outcome or performance metric?

Formula Student, rocketry societies, hackathons, personal Arduino/Raspberry Pi builds, university lab projects, research placements — all count. Even well-explained coursework projects demonstrate technical depth if you write them properly.

Top Tips from People Who've Reviewed Hundreds of CVs

  • Tailor every application: Pull exact keywords from the job description — if they mention "Python," "ANSYS," or "cross-functional teams," make sure those words appear in your CV where truthful
  • One page means one page: If you're going over, cut ruthlessly. Older or less-relevant experience should shrink, not push onto a second page
  • Dates on the right, titles on the left: This is the standard format recruiters expect. Deviating from it creates confusion
  • Never lie or exaggerate: "Familiar with MATLAB" is fine. "Expert in MATLAB" when you've done two tutorials is not — you'll be found out in a technical interview
  • Don't include a photo, DoB, or nationality: UK employers cannot legally discriminate on these factors and including them wastes space
  • Get at least two people to proofread it: An engineering typo in your CV signals carelessness about precision — fatal for an engineering application
  • Use a consistent tense: Past tense for completed roles ("designed," "built"), present tense for ongoing ones ("designing," "building")

Common Mistakes That Kill Applications

Avoid generic statements with no evidence ("I am a hardworking team player who thrives under pressure"). These read as filler. If you are a hardworking team player, prove it with a bullet about a project you delivered under a tight deadline with a team of four people.

Don't use dense paragraphs in the experience section — bullet points only. Recruiters skim; walls of text get skipped. Don't list skills you can't back up in an interview. And never include "References available upon request" — it wastes a full line and every recruiter already knows they can ask.

Crafting the Perfect Cover Letter

Tell your story. Show genuine interest. Win the interview.

A cover letter is the single biggest differentiator at the application stage — and the most consistently underused one. Most candidates either skip it, paste a generic template, or repeat their CV in paragraph form. A genuinely strong, tailored letter can move you from the bottom third to the top of a shortlist. Here's how to write one that actually works.

Length, Format, and Basics

One page. Four to six paragraphs. Professional business letter format — your contact details, date, and the employer's details at the top. Address it to a named person wherever possible: check LinkedIn, the company website, or the job posting. "Dear [Name]" instantly signals more effort than "Dear Hiring Manager." Use "Yours sincerely" if you named them, "Yours faithfully" if you used a title.

Font: match your CV (Arial or Times New Roman, 11pt). Consistent margins. Save as PDF. And check out our industry examples at the bottom of this page.

The Six-Paragraph Framework

  • Para 1 — The Hook: State the role, then immediately show you've done your homework. Reference something specific about the company — a recent project, a product they've launched, a technology they're pioneering. For example: "I am applying for the Propulsion Systems Engineering placement at Rolls-Royce. Having followed the development of your UltraFan engine — and its potential to reduce fuel burn by 25% relative to the Trent 1000 — I am keen to contribute to the next generation of sustainable aviation propulsion." This is infinitely stronger than "I am writing to apply for the internship advertised on your website."
  • Para 2 — Technical Foundation: Connect your academic background and technical toolkit directly to the role. Name specific software (ANSYS Fluent, MATLAB, SolidWorks, Python, CATIA V5), methodologies (FEA, CFD, design optimisation, PID control), and engineering principles you've genuinely applied. Show you can contribute from day one — not that you'll need six months of hand-holding.
  • Para 3 — Hands-On Evidence: This is your most powerful paragraph. Describe one significant project where you engineered something real — a Formula Student car, a rocketry system, a university final-year project, a previous internship, a hackathon build. Use STAR and be specific: "As Aerodynamics Lead for our university Formula Student team, I redesigned the front wing assembly using CFD analysis in ANSYS Fluent, reducing drag coefficient by 12% while maintaining target downforce. This contributed to a 0.8 second improvement in our fastest lap time at Silverstone."
  • Para 4 — Additional Depth (optional but recommended): If you have a second strong project, internship experience, or specialist knowledge, give it its own paragraph. Show you understand professional engineering practice — documentation, design reviews, change control, test protocols, working within cross-functional teams. This shows you've thought beyond university coursework.
  • Para 5 — Why This Company: This is where most people fail. "I am excited by the opportunity to work at a leading engineering company" tells them nothing. Instead, reference specific programs, products, or values: their EV platform, their commitment to net-zero, a specific aircraft they build, a research area they publish in. Explain how your interests and career goals connect to their direction — not generically to "the engineering sector."
  • Para 6 — Close: Brief, confident, professional. Reiterate your enthusiasm, thank them for considering your application, and signal your availability for interview. Don't be sycophantic or overly humble. End with "I look forward to hearing from you."

The Details That Separate Good From Great

Research depth matters. Read their annual report. Look at recent press releases and LinkedIn posts. For engineering roles, search for their patent filings, technical papers, or engineering blog. When you reference something genuinely specific — a paper a senior engineer published, a test they ran, a challenge they've publicly discussed — it shows a level of preparation almost no other candidate will match.

Be technically precise. Don't say "CAD software" — say SolidWorks 2023 or CATIA V5. Don't say "simulation tools" — say ANSYS Mechanical or OpenFOAM. Precision signals expertise. Vagueness signals you're padding.

Quantify relentlessly. "Reduced mass by 15% while maintaining structural integrity under 3g loading" is memorable. "Made the design lighter" is not. Numbers give your achievements scale and credibility.

Connect theory to practice. Mention tolerancing, material constraints, manufacturing feasibility, cost considerations, or regulatory requirements — the real-world factors that make engineering in industry different from university. This signals commercial awareness and genuine readiness.

Expert Tips

  • Never reuse the same letter: A mass-application letter is immediately obvious. It signals low genuine interest — which is exactly the opposite impression you want to give
  • Don't repeat your CV: The cover letter adds context and narrative. If your letter just lists the same things as your CV, you've wasted one of your best assets
  • Avoid hollow claims: "I am passionate about engineering," "I am a fast learner," "I work well in teams" — these are meaningless without evidence. Prove every claim with an example
  • Show systems thinking: Engineering companies value people who see beyond individual components. Mention how your work connected to a larger system, product, or team objective
  • Focus on what you contribute, not what you'll gain: "This internship will help me develop..." focuses on you. "I would bring X and Y to your team..." focuses on them. Make it about them
  • Proofread three times and then get someone else to proofread it: An engineering cover letter with a typo is self-defeating. Attention to detail is the first thing you're demonstrating

What Not to Write

"I believe I would be a great fit for this role." Don't believe — demonstrate. "I am a quick learner." Everyone says this; it means nothing. "I have always been passionate about engineering." Since when? Prove it with a project, a competition, an extracurricular. "This opportunity would be invaluable for my development." That's about you — what's invaluable to them?

The best cover letter you can write is specific, technically credible, clearly researched, and written like a professional engineer — not like a student who found a template online. That's the bar. Clear it.

Cover Letter Examples by Industry
Click to open — Pro examples are unlocked with PathFinder Pro.
Aerospace
Airbus, Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems
Formula One
F1 & motorsport internships
Mechanical
Dyson, JLR and similar
Hardware / EEE
ARM, Qualcomm, and tech hardware
💻
Software
Software engineering at tech companies
⚔️
Defence
Leonardo, Babcock & similar